Investing in a nutshell: The Investing Course

My day job is managing a hedge fund, but on weekends and evenings I hold an online course in equity research and investing. I even taught a short 14-hour version of it this spring (2022) for students at London School of Economics.

I’ve worked as an analyst and later as a portfolio manager since 1994, so I’ve given the craft of investing a lot of thought –  not least here on the blog but also in the two books I’ve written on the topic. Me and my two main colleagues at Futuris (Brummer) were actually awarded a prize as The European Hedge Fund Of The Decade 2000-2009 in competition with thousands of aspirational hedge fund managers. Hence, I should know both how to invest, and how teach, and the best ways to learn, to invest.

The Swedish version of the course is heading into its sixth installment by October 2022. It consists of some 300 pages of really condensed material, plus supporting videos and spreadsheets, and runs over 12 weeks. I’ve done my utmost to keep it as short as possible, cutting out all the unnecessary fluff and bullshit that tend to go into investment courses. It’s concise and pedagogical, as witnessed by hundreds of the attendants, over 400 which are active in our private online group. I’m currently working on a version for an English speaking audience, but the adaptation is taking some time to complete, since I’m basically both working two jobs and preparing that new course.

I think about this stuff all the time.

So, how do you get good enough at investing to work as a portfolio manager? A friend recently, i.e., yesterday, asked me to point him to instructive interviews, books and other material that I think would help him learn investing well enough to eventually break into the hedge fund industry. I told him that apart from the sources I had already provided, I can’t remember or recommend any individual episodes that encompass the art of investing in a representative or useful way. Both here on the blog and in our previous conversations I have pointed out the 25 most important investment books, a dozen finance films, a dozen different investing podcast shows, including a few specific episodes, some fifty other books on psychology, decision making, science, history, philosophy as well as sci-fi books, ten newsletters from legends like Howard Marks, plus some other various resources that can be found online.

Rather than recommending reading all that, and formulate a complex and complicated investment method, my view on investing can be summed up such:

Use history as a guide to make forecasts for fundamentals and valuations. Use those to buy cheap & sell expensive, while respecting the cyclical nature of everything human, including the economy, psychology, profitability, procyclical accounting, analyst recency bias, and valuation fads. There is more nuance than that of course, but that is the gist of it.

You would actually do very good as an investor by just reading one single book about investing by Howard Marks, conveniently titled The Most Important Thing. It teaches you how to buy assets at a price less than their value, as well as points out the pitfalls of fear and fomo.

It’s probably better to read Marks’ book “The Most Important Thing” twice a year for five years than read ten other books on investing, but if you’re looking for more inspiration and vantage points to triangulate the art of buying low and selling high, you could add one book about Macro by Peter Schiff (HAEG), one book about the very big picture by Ray Dalio (e.g., The Changing World Order), The DAO of capital by Spitznagel to understand the psychology of trading, Fed Up by DiMartino Booth about the workings of central banks, Zero To One about start-ups, Hedgehogging on the topic of actually starting and running a hedgefund, Signals and other books about understanding macro and geopolitics by Pippa Malmgren, and a few monthly newsletters about valuation, annual returns and technical market signals by John Hussman. All of these I’ve listed and recommended publicly many times. I thus only mention a few of the best ones from the top of my mind here. Oh, I almost forgot to mention Russel Napier’s Anatomy of A Bear (how bear markets come about and play out). A final specific investment book tip is The Man Who Solved The Market, about the impossibility of technical analysis and pure pattern trading. Simons, however impossibly it was, eventually did solve the stock market.

From there on, I would suggest keeping up to date with trends in the economy and the financial markets by listening to weekly podcasts like MacroVoices, Invest Like The Best, Eurodollar University, What Is Money, Bankless, Hidden Forces, The Memo, Superinvestors, Smarter Markets and possibly a few more.

I would also include reading newsletters from some of the greatest financial thinkers of the last half century. They are very well known and widely read. Consequently, studying the newsletters won’t provide you with a significant investment edge, but it will teach you how some of the best and brightest think about investing:

Jeremy Grantham (Superbubble), Ray Dalio, John Hussman, Howard Marks, Jesse Felder, Pippa Malmgren, Marc Faber, Lyn Alden (Investment cycles), Fred Hickey, Genevieve Roch-Decter (GRIT), Variant Perception, Luke Gromen (FFTT), Brent Johnson (Santiago Capital; “USD milkshake theory”), Jeffrey Snider and so on. I would not least highly recommend watching interviews with Stanley Druckenmiller (e.g., the following seven 1, 2 [the link does work with a little trickery], 3, 4, 5, 6, 7; but also other superinvestors, such as Soros, Rogers, Zell, Icahn, Burry, Ackman, Munger (cognitive biases), Tudor-Jones). You won’t find any clear-cut answers there, not specific or crucial knowledge either. The letters and interviews are only meant as inspiration for finding your own path to buying the right assets in the right amounts at the right time, subsequently selling them in order to buy more of the right things at a later point.

A few other letters worthy of mention are Bison Interests (their latest letter on oil was quite interesting), Cliff Asness (aqr), Zoltan Pozsar (Credit Suisse) and Kuppy’s adventures in capitalism.

In my own books “The Retarded Hedge Fund Manager” and “TAOS”, I demonstrate the importance of psychology, wihile showing that any investment style can work, as long as you are disciplined, take notes, use those notes, consistently update your strategy (see More Money Than God regarding the importance of keeping up with the changing tides of the market) and most importantly avoid too much hubris. My first fifteen years as a hedge fund manager the years 2000-2014 first and foremost made me identify The Hubris Cycle, which by the way had been a much more fitting and timeless title for the book. You start out ambitious and disciplined, then when the results accumulate you tend to rest on your laurels thinking you’re a genius. Your hubris leads to losses and eventually to working hard and hopefully good performance once again.

A simple valuation multiple

can’t capture the reflexiveness

of a crowd

of psychologically unstable investors

You won’t learn investing in a practical sense from reading any of the books listed above, or from listening to the podcasts and reading tons of newsletters. You learn investing by actually investing and then course correcting, just as you learn to live a good life by trial and error, and bicycling by hopping on a bike and falling off a few times. You can read books about life too, but living is the only way of truly learning what life is about.

Investing isn’t hard, and that’s why it is immensely difficult at the same time. It’s a reflexive endeavour as detailed by George Soros in The Alchemy Of Finance, and by Buffett and Munger in the quip about the market being a beauty contest: If you want to find the winner, you’re not trying to estimate who’s the prettiest in the line-up, but who others are estimating others will vote for (i.e., not who those others consider beautiful, but who they guess most will vote for).

Being reflexive means that the financial markets change behavior over time, since the participants that create the market adapt to the actions of others in a constantly evolving feedback loop. It’s a kind of 3-Body Problem of psychology (a very good sci-fi trilogy by Cixin Liu, by the way, that I highly recommend). There is no stable solution, price patterns will keep changing forever. The underlying actual value, the sum total of available cashflows from various assets, however, is much more predictable. And in the end, buying an asset for a price below its value will always net you a profit, if you are patient enough (as well as calculated correctly, and had a nice Margin Of Safety against bad luck [read the book!])

I see investing as a self-devouring snake, an Ouroboros. All components feed on each other and almost teleologically require the subsequent steps to execute the present one. The very first step [head or tail] demands knowledge of the entire process [the snake]. For example, you can’t make quality investments without a good strategy and relevant investment notes, which require having already gone through a full cycle of investing from notes to evaluation. 

The market often reacts to events in surprising ways, often in the opposite direction of what one might logically expect. Spitznagel, e.g., talks about his roundabout approach to investing. The legendary George Soros calls it Reflexivity. I would add the book Obliquity – why our goals are best achieved indirectly, as input to how to think about approaching life, happiness and investing sideways. The teachings of Tao (Dao), e.g., as expressed in Tao Te Ching (and explanations of its verses) are also helpful in seeing how things are both the way they seem and not that way at all at the same time. In The Matter With Things, Iain McGilchrist explains how we need to move away both from binary thinking (either/or) and away from first order non-binary thinking (both/and), to a second order non-binary regime of both both/and and either/or thinking.

McGilchrist’s meditations resonate with my experiences of how the market first appears perfectly logical and rational, then morphing into a contradictory beast requiring upside-down reasoning, only to sooner or later start appearing logical again – first in the Just Do The Opposite way, but then actually just plain logical and understandable. And then it cycles back to incomprehensible again. And then to being comprehensibly incomprehensible. And so it goes, undulating, cycling, morphing, being reflexive, where you are your own enemy chasing your own tail. The process reminds me of the third book in the Atopia Chronicles, where the protagonist turns out to be his own antagonist – a bit like in the, however completely different, movie Predestination.

Neither the general idea of investing, nor the mathematics of it are difficult to grasp. Just buy good companies for less than they’re worth. You pay cash for a stock and make a forecast of how much cash you’ll get back from the investment in the form of dividends from the company’s earnings and in form of what you can sell the stock for at a later point.

The price you can expect for the stock in the future is what another investor would pay for it, given his thoughts about price, worth, earnings, dividends and the future stock selling price. I’ve written here about the one single valuation multiple you need to assess the value of an investment: FCF/MC (the normalized free cash flow yield).

You could hope for a bigger fool to pay an irrationally high price for the asset in the future, but it’s a more robust strategy to assume future buyers will be about as rational as you are when assessing the value, thus basing their willingness to pay for the stock on the asset’s cash flow in their future.

Try it out, i.e., go back in time 5 years, 10 years, 20-30 years through reading old annual reports and calculate the then prevailing NFCF/MC yield, and see if you would have wanted to buy the stock or not based on the yield. Then check the price chart going forward from there on and see what happened.

As you can tell, it’s pretty useless over reasonably long time periods, just like all other valuation gauges on a stand-alone basis.

Of course they’re useless! A valuation multiple can’t capture the reflexiveness of a crowd of psychologically unstable investors. Some multiples are more reliable over very long stretches of time, but you sometimes would have to wait 10, 20 or even 30 years for today’s valuation multiples to exert their full power over subsequent annual returns. Twelve years is, however, often enough for whole markets – as John Hussmann pedagogically demonstrates again and again in his newsletters.

A multiple like Price/Sales, or my suggested cash flow yield, or the theoretically correct but impossibly useless Discounted Cash Flow formula won’t save you, won’t help you become a good investor. Knowing that you should buy low and sell high won’t either.

What you need is a place to start, a kick in the butt to actually begin investing with real money, and a path to improving over time. My course, The Investing Course, really actually is a great resource for all this; for learning how to do real equity research and investing, taught by an experienced practitioner. Unfortunately 12 weeks of material can’t be summarized easily. Well, it can be but you wouldn’t get it. Buy cheap, sell expensive just won’t help you get to the finish line without all the rest, including some basic questions and definitions:

What is cheap? Who decides? When? How much should I invest? How long do I need to wait? When do I sell? What do I buy then? How do I make robust forecasts for fundamentals? How so for valuations? What about technical analysis? Macroeconomic data? How can I implement an investment commonplace for evaluation and adaption?

Ultimately it all boils down to this simple and straightforward question: What determines the value of an asset och what determines its price (and when)?

I unpackage that question thoroughly in my investing course, since unfortunately there just isn’t that one single podcast, let alone single episode, that can sum it all up in a nutshell. Except: Buy Cheap, Sell Expensive.

Sure, the following four podcast episodes are really good, but they still won’t help you unless you realize the truth – that there is no spoon, no secret formula, except just doing it, then learning from your mistakes:

 

Good luck, and see you once I get the English adaption of The Investing Course ready. Meanwhile, you can find the Swedish version here: https://finanskursen.se/

/Karl-Mikael Syding

P.S. If there are just two books you should read to foster a good research and investment routine, they are: Atomic Habits, by James Clear, and Deep Work, by Cal Newport. They have nothing to do with investing, but everything to do with focus and the power of good habits.

Some other great books related to investing
The New Case For Gold, James Rickards
HAEG: How An Economy Grows And Why It Crashes, Peter Schiff
BULL, Maggie Megahar
The Real Crash, Galbraith
Reminiscences of A Stock Operator, Edwin Lefevre
The Little Book That Beats The Market
Fooling some of the people all of the time, Einhorn
The Black Swan, Taleb
The death of money, James Rickards
The hour between dog and wolf
Tomorrow’s gold, Marc Faber
Lords of finance, Ahamed
Manias, panics and crashes, Kindleberger
Investing psychology, Tim Richards

Finance-themed pop culture
Liar’s Poker
Flash Boys
Bad Blood
The Big Short
Boiler Room
Inside Job (2010)
Margin Call (2011)
Too Big To Fail
The Wolf Of Wall Street

Various non-financial books for understanding the human psyche and world in general
Peak
Range
Grit
The Shallows
Thinking fast and slow
Predictably irrational
Noise
The Master And His Emissary
GödelEscherBach
The User Illusion
The doors of perception
Realms of the human unconscious
Secret teachers of the western world
Why We Sleep
The order of time
Something deeply hidden
Beyond weird
The Naked Ape
Sapiens
The Singularity Is Near
Engines of creation
The road to serfdom
Abundance
How to create a mind
The fourth turning
The fabric of reality
Wholeness and the implicate order
Einstein’s unfinished revolution
Surely you’re joking mr Feynman
What is real
Maps of meaning
Digital libido
The way of the SEAL
Lessons of History
History of Philosophy

Ender’s Game (on the importance of understanding the other side of the trade to the point of loving it)

Influence, by Cialdini (also see here)

Thinking in bets, Annie Duke

Non-financial Podcasts
Sean Carroll’s Mindscape
The After On Podcast
Brain Science with dr Ginger Campbell
Report on psychedelics
Philosophize this
Finding Mastery
Tech meme ride home

A few more newsletters
James Clear: 3-2-1
The Felder Report
Epsilon Theory, Ben Hunt

Some good twitter accounts to follow:

Free TIP: Check out TIC! It's the distillation of my 30 years as a finance professional

l.

In just 6 weeks of online studies of videos, text documents, screen captures & spreadsheets, The Investing Course teaches you how to Identify, Analyze, Invest, Optimize, Evaluate investments and asset portfolios. It's thorough, pedagogical, easy and fun (well...) for any motivated student.

Join the growing list of very satisfied participants like Pavel Pek below

So far I really love the course!

It's surely more work than I thought to understand all of it (math and logic doesn't really come naturally to me, I am a psychologist by career and humanities oriented my entire life), but it provides me with the exact hobby/intellectual challenge that I was looking for. I also really like the overall background of you Mikael and Ludvig (long time fan of Ludvig's blog) and how the lectures are structured and taught.

The overall system seems to me much more thorough and well thought (esp. the emphasis on the P = FxV formula and the overall picture it so far gave me) of than anything else I found online in my two or so humble weeks of being interested in investing. I am very impressed as yet!

Thanks for bringing this to English.

Glad to hear this can help Karl! Of course, use it with a name, would be glad to spread this course, I take it for an excellent investment that I've made. Best of luck with marketing of this, it's a really awesome system!!

 

8 thoughts on “Investing in a nutshell: The Investing Course”

  1. Thanks, Mikael. I had already read a couple of those books but several I hadn’t. I just purchased several on Amazon and will read them over the next month.

    Your blog is great, keep writing!

    Reply

  2. Hi Michael,

    I really enjoyed reading your article and I got a good feeling when I realized that have read many of the books you listed. I follow your work for sometime, looking forward to see the English version of t the course.

    Rergards,

    Reply

  3. You must hate your friend if this is the advice you gave. It reads like a giant “fuck off and go the the library” or google it yourself.

    TLDR — just learn about chart reading. Charts may not be predictive (or maybe they are) but they give you a good enough approximation in 2 seconds. Price and volume is the average value assigned by all those smart wall street people who do research and compute future values. Is the economy going up or down according to the experts? Is the stock a future winner or loser? It’s all told to you by the chart.

    Reply

  5. Hello, Mikael.
    I wanted to let you know how great this post was. I’ve been reading your stuff for years. Thanks for taking all of this time to put this out there.

    Reply

  6. Mikael,

    Regarding opposites having truth, here are my thoughts.
    Because of how our language is structured, the mind is enclosed. Nothing can ever exist outside of thought that thought can imagine. Thus thinking is always subdividing knowledge. In essence, all knowledge is nothing but pieces of ignorance, and the most knowledgeable are further from the source.

    Most of our knowledge is derived from ideas. Notwithstanding the dreadful thought that we may live in a dream that we share, like a Blockchain of sensory memory, there is also another thought : if that is the case, then there is nothing true or false, in the most absolute of terms. Imagination would create reality. In the imaginative realm.

    So what’s left for man to hold on to as truth? Death. Nobody knows anybody that has lived for eternity on earth. So we can confine truth to the simple human realities. Outside of human sized truth, truth is meaningless.

    There must be a very very close relationship between caring for man for what he is, with all our flaws, and intellect, otherwise all truth is lost. Forgiveness is extremely important, aswell as renouncing the past. Past memories are what our consciousness relies on to structure itself. The devil is literally the past, always bringing us back to invisible feedback loops, that our mind seems to be unaware of, because these loops are in truth the algorithm that our mind is made of.

    The only way out of the matrix is, in my poor opinion, what that unknown man said 21 centuries ago, if he ever lived. I wonder the odds of such a poor story getting so extremely dominant, but he did say we should forgive each other, and that our mistakes are not who we are.

    We create inventions and ideas, and then pose problems based on those ideas, that are supposed to resolve those problems. The young solutions grow to become problems inherited by the next generation, in an endless Ponzi scheme of intellectual cavalry.

    I believe that our minds have turned rogue, robbing us of our humanity. Most of what is knowledge is simply imagination and logic stacked on top of memory. What if the starting memory was wrong ?
    Can we get a right answer to the wrong question? Does that even matter at all?

    I think the most important thing of all is absolutely not how to answer a question.
    The most important thing is to choose the questions carefully.

    Because what if curiosity created truth? What if truth was a dimension expanded by human inquiry? Do we create our lives by orientating our curiosity?
    What if our mind was a wild horse that needed to be tamed? Because it loves exerting itself.

    In such a way the wisdom would be in how we direct our intellect, not how we expand it.

    I believe truth is of such simplicity we can’t even describe it. The more we describe truth the more it eludes us, because to describe too much is to complicate. This is why practices such as meditation are important, because they simplify our conscience, opening a new door that brings peace.

    We aren’t limited in our thinking. We are limited in our humanity. But if we truly love our nature for what it is, shouldn’t homo sapiens be enough?

    The greatest threat against man is his mind, evolving constantly until he is outmatched by the virus. He is left alone, neglected. How much thinking can change the simple fact that love is what it is?

    In the future, (and terribly sorry for the long post) I see science and tech growing even more, and intellectual dominance becoming totalitarian.

    We will become slaves of our own ideas, unable to break free because of how ingrained they will have become in our lives.

    Flags are one. Nationalism. Because instead of loving your neighbour, or feeling safe around people, we feel safer under a common banner.

    The irony of it all is that when identity rises, collision with other identities is inevitable.

    This is what worries me with Sweden. Islam based identity sentiment is becoming too strong, which may bring the rise of nationalism as a reaction against it.

    The next decade is more chaotic than the previous ones, and the pandemic seems to have accelerated things drastically.
    We may see things that are quite unexpected.

    I would imagine the following scenarios, for the next ten years:

    – China raises prices of exportations in general, following closure of a century old circle of western based dominance on Asia.

    – Most western companies relying on Chinese manufacturing will either relocate to India or simply cease production.

    – Chinese government will invest heavily in US politics, to rise to number one geopolitical power status worldwide and make sure that the US are under their control, politically speaking.

    – Because of the reduction of US military and political power, the value of the dollar will drop significantly. The age old “Athenian alliance” will collapse, again, in its 129474832th iteration.

    – Europe starts boiling, after 3 hard years of covid and vaccinations causing immense stress on the population. Chinese exportations cause increase in prices in the EU market. Stress snowballs into social unrest.

    – Faith in the idea of government collapses, as populations struggle against themselves.

    – European Union is under stress, with nationalism causing country leaders to consider leaving the EU, as a radical move to please people. The eurozone is divided and diminished. Italy leaves the Euro, followed by France. Germany issues a new currency.

    – Simultaneously, the world economic forum desires union under a single currency based on crypto technology in the EU (Amazon is currently working on it) but poverty and lack of credibility of local political leadership make this too dangerous to apply.

    – As the aging postal services struggle to keep up with private technological innovations, Amazon breaks the national monopoly of postal services in many European countries.

    – The move to deliver standard mail, in place of standard post is made possible by a fall of national sovereignty and clever branding of the new service. It will not be called Amazon, but will be Amazon owned logistics and efficiency. One more delegation of public services to a private entity.
    This move would make Amazon the king of courrier services, and bring more power to the company, which is past financial considerations at this point.

    – The fall of France under Muslim unrest brings the fall of the colonial franc CFA fiat currency used in many African countries. France following the US will become a Chinese colony, via many private funds and non profits owned by the CCCP.

    – The power gap in Africa is filled by the CCCP. South Africa becomes a financial pole for the new industrialised Africa, with most areas held by France and NATO slowly going to Chinese hands, as is already the case, for natural resources.

    – Russia rises in power in eastern Europe, becoming a great partner of Scandinavian nations and Germany, for lack of a better option. Eventually, Russia is outmatched by China.

    – Turkey is divided and in a crisis. One reason is the nature of their population being divided in three, (European immigrants, Istanbul and eastern Turkey).

    – Pressure from foreign forces (Israel) creates civil unrest in Turkey, destabilising the government. Turkish industry collapses in the short term, with big consequences for the motor industry, especially automobiles.

    Crazy take:
    – Japan will join China in a common currency. This is outlandish, but I see them having a common currency in the future, either as a guarantee of some sorts or as real money.

    – Technology prices rise x5 in 2024 for electronics, such as computers and smartphones.
    Tesla gets in big trouble.
    Europe goes into a smaller consumption of imported goods, with politicians branding that as a superior ecological sentiment, to avoid riots. Riots erupt anyway.

    – Import based clothing industry collapses, in favour of European made products.

    – Indian technology industry rises as western tech tries to find a cheaper alternative to China.

    – India is the next place to be for western industry, as all of Chinese soil will be used to serve Chinese interests exclusively, for the next 30 years.

    – The construction sector is hit very hard, as a negative population rate and increase in mortality from various causes reduces the need for more appartment buildings. The roads are less maintained as governments become bankrupt.

    – In Europe, the coffin and cremation industry has its best decade since world war II

    – Cities such as Berlin, Paris and London lose much of their real estate value as insecurity drives the population to more rural areas. The population of western european cities reduces significantly.

    – Tourism to Scandinavia rises, as they become safer than the rest of Europe, comparatively. European capital migrates to smaller cities and nations of eastern Europe, falling partly under Russian control.

    – The pharmaceutical industry rises even more, with valuations hitting all time highs as government funded health care goes bankrupt and part of the public health system is discreetly bought off by infamous companies such as Pfizer, Sanofi, Bayer etc.

    – Smaller scale farming sees a new Renaissance, with corporate animal exploitation collapsing or changing into insect farming, as in many cases the grains that are given to the animals are imported from other countries that will reorganise their trade policy.

    – Religion and spirituality increase to blossom, with anything related to yoga making even more money than ever before.

    – Atheism falls unable to comfort the despair of people looking for hope.

    – 70% of European banks become even more obviously bankrupt and continue buying more time with various restructurings.

    – With the EU unable to protect citizens from a cascade of bankruptcies that destroy trust in the population, people become victims of financial illiteracy and lack of preparation, falling for all sorts of scams.

    – Loan sharking rises with criminal syndicates becoming an even greater source of capital in many countries, as is already the case ironically with banking and mafia being associates in Italy, for example.

    – Q3 2023: Bitcoin and Ethereum drop to 2019 levels, with Bitcoin under 2000 dollars and ether under 300. An opportunity to buy becomes present.

    Within the decade :
    – Bitcoin becomes the next Internet Explorer, as its innovation is used as inspiration for the next Google Chrome.

    – Ethereum survives and becomes the most successful cryptocurrency of those that are currently dominant.

    – A currently lesser or not yet creates crypto rises as a combination of most useful technologies that exist.

    – The new dominant crypto company provides a centralised product relying on a trusted authority, that promises to be faithful to its users, defeating the initial purpose of bitcoin and decentralised finance.

    – Die hard crypto fanatics are disgusted, but human nature and its faith in authority never repeats itself.

    – Important civil documents such as a driver’s license or school diplomas are turned into encrypted government issued non fungible tokens. License plates become QR codes and cameras are made by surveillance tech companies that quickly scan them.

    – Surveillance technology and private security as a sector becomes a very very strong player, as the wealthy seek to protect their wealth and themselves from the disenfranchised.

    – Apple becomes less important as Google and CCCP software development surpass its technology. It becomes a design company, with very little actual technological innovation.

    – Gold and silver prices explode in many countries, with individuals using them as well as bitcoin for important personal transactions.
    This would happen in times of institutional instability, where there is no trust in government cryptofiat.

    I hope everything I write is nothing more than my neurons exercising themselves. I wish to see none of the above.

    Thank you for your articles, sorry for the long comment

    Odysseus

    Reply

    1. Edit : mistake I repeated a few times, not CCCP but CCP, the chinese government, people’s Republic of China.

      And another mistake in the phrase about crypto fans being disgusted : human nature always repeats itself because it never changes, thus faith in centralised and “trustworthy” authority instead of decentralised and trustless, self responsible authority. If decentralised crypto were actually possible for most people, governments would make no sense.

      Reply

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